Two federal disability programs exist: SSDI (Social Security Disability Insurance) for workers who paid Social Security taxes, and SSI (Supplemental Security Income) for low-income individuals with disabilities. Apply online at ssa.gov.
- Detailed medical records documenting your disability
- Work history and employment records (for SSDI)
- Bank and asset information (for SSI)
- Doctors’ names, addresses, and contact information
Understand SSDI vs SSI eligibility
SSDI requires: a disability expected to last 12+ months or result in death, AND work credits from paying Social Security taxes (typically 5 of the last 10 years for adults 31+). SSI requires: disability OR age 65+, AND limited income (under ~$1,913/month) and resources (under $2,000 individual assets).
Apply online, by phone, or in person
Apply at ssa.gov/benefits/disability or call 1-800-772-1213. You can also visit any Social Security office. Online applications save time but you must be able to complete the full form in one session (or save your progress).
Complete the Function Report (Form SSA-3373)
SSA evaluates how your disability affects daily activities: walking, standing, sitting, lifting, concentrating, communicating, caring for yourself. Be specific and honest about your worst days — describe what you cannot do, not what you push through with pain.
SSA’s 5-step evaluation process
SSA evaluates: (1) Are you working? (Substantial Gainful Activity threshold). (2) Is your condition severe? (3) Does it meet a listing? (4) Can you do past work? (5) Can you do any work? Benefits are awarded if you cannot perform any work in the national economy given your limitations, education, and age.
Expect denial and prepare an appeal
Initial SSDI approval rate is approximately 20–30%. Over 50% of appeals (reconsideration and ALJ hearing) are approved. Hire a disability attorney (paid only on approval — 25% of back pay up to $7,200). The appeal process adds 1–3 years but is often necessary.
Frequently Asked Questions
SSDI continues as long as you remain disabled. SSA conducts Continuing Disability Reviews (CDR) every 3–7 years. At age 67 (full retirement age), SSDI automatically converts to Social Security Retirement Benefits at the same amount.
Yes, with limits. The Substantial Gainful Activity (SGA) limit is $1,550/month for non-blind individuals (2024). You can earn up to this amount without affecting your SSDI. There is also a 9-month Trial Work Period where you can test your ability to work while keeping full SSDI.